Felipe Martínez Marzoa, 1: The Unthematizable Haunting. By Alberto Moreiras.

Some of us are about to engage in a systematic rereading of the work of Galician philosopher Felipe Martínez Marzoa over the next several months.   The comments that follow are preliminary, just a first take based on the following readings: “Estado y legitimidad” and “Estado y polis,” from Manuel Cruz ed., Los filósofos y la política, Mexico: FCE, 1999; “Problemas del Leviatán,” from FMM, Distancias, Madrid: Abada, 2011 (and some other pages in that book), and FMM, El concepto de lo civil, Santiago de Chile: Metales Pesados, 2008.   Our interest is to explore the relevance of Martínez Marzoa’s thought to the project under discussion in this blog—of course the very fact that we are reading him presupposes (our belief in) that relevance, and we must see where it might take us.

Let me start with a casual remark Marzoa makes in the introduction to Concepto. He says: “el proyecto en su propia consistencia como tal no entiende de ubicaciones específicas del tipo de lo que sería por una parte ‘filosofía política’ o quizá ‘filosofía del derecho’ o algún título emparentado y, por otra parte, otras ‘filosofías’” (5). What is not said in that understated remark is of course that his project does not want to be disciplinarily localized because its very import has to do with a massive delocalization of the totality of contemporary knowledge under the shadow of nihilism.   It is not just politics or right, science and philosophy, art and language—it is all of them that today can be thought only as effects of a massive structure, a “non-physical objectivity” that Marzoa names nihilism, obviously in the wake of Nietzsche and Heidegger in particular.   What is interesting with Marzoa is that he connects the nihilistic structure to Marx´ mature work, that is, to Das Kapital.   One of the obvious results of it is that capitalism comes to be seen as a specifically nihilistic structuration of life. Exploitation, for instance, therefore must be understood in the context of nihilism, and not the other way around. Production must be understood in the horizon of nihilism, and not the other way around. (I recently posted two reviews, one concerning Schmitt and another one concerning Althusser—they are placeholders. Both Schmitt and Althusser, and with the latter Marxism as such, are genealogically relevant for the infrapolitical project, and both must be placed under erasure in order to release their secret form—this is not Marzoa’s vocabulary, but I think it is consistent with what he aims to do.   Interestingly, his highest philosophical referent is Kant, of whose thought Distancias says, in the final page: “the One-All [that is the continuo ilimitado of the age of nihilism] must still deploy some of its internal possibilities, which is something it can only do by ‘overcoming’ (that is, by not understanding, but it is a ‘not-understanding’ different from the trivial one) a certain obstacle: the obstacle is Kant.”   I’ll say a bit more about this in a later entry.))

“Something can only be recognized by losing it” (Distancias 139). This is perhaps the most succinct characterization of Marzoa’s method.   A historical insight into something already means the vanishing of that something into history.   Thought does not appropriate, thought can only glimpse a withdrawal, it is the glimpse into a withdrawal. The various forms of the glimpse into vanishing time are structured into the constitutive glimpse of the present, also as vanishing, also in withdrawal. Once you thematize something, that something has already gone—which logically also means, we live in the unthematizable.   Thought is the attempt to dwell in historical time by thematizing the structure of its disappearance.   Now, retroactively, as some kind of enigmatic side-effect, the persistent investigation into the vanishing structures of historical time can throw partial insight into the unthematizable present, which is thereby necessarily also a partial insight into the future (the future of thought can only be the thematization of the structure of the unthematizable present.)   This is the gift of distance, a word that has pride of place in Marzoa’s work, and to which we cannot hope to do full justice here. But distance is, I believe, commensurate to the task of thought—no distance without thought, no thought without distance.

But sometimes it feels as if there is a fundamental distance Marzoa’s work thematizes, and that is the distance from community.   Community is, although not straightforwardly, projected into the origin.   This may be fundamentally unfair, but I will ask the question, tentatively in any case, any way: is history so far the story of a passage from community into nihilism?   Even if the answer were to be yes, it doesn’t of course mean community is the future too. Marzoa is no Hegelian.   But it does mean there is the shadow of an undiluted non-nihilistic origin that is associated with the thought of community. And this matters, even if it only matters because it unsettles us.   What could community be? By definition, we can only glimpse community through the many mediations of our nihilistic worldview, from which community has withdrawn fundamentally.   So my question is, what is the import of the fundamental withdrawal and dissolution of community for our thematization of modern and contemporary nihilism?

In “Estado y polis” Marzoa says: “Civil society is therefore the negation of any community, and, correspondingly, right and the State are the question of how it is possible never to have to commune with anybody on anything” (103).   But Marzoa says, in order to understand what that means, we must find a point of contrast, a comparison, and that point of contrast would be community: “Let us attempt to think . . . a situation where there obtains a certain community; this means, a situation where there would obtain some type of binding thing or content and where, conversely, the statute of commodity, or of civil society, right, and the State, would not obtain” (103).     For that he goes to Herodotus’s History, where he underlines Cyrus’ words on the Greek polis: “I have no fear of men for whom it is character that the center of their cities is constituted by an empty space to which they go to attempt to deceive each other under oath” (quoted in 105). Deceiving each other is buying and selling in the agora, which is the empty space.

The empty space is necessarily the space of a distance, a spatium, a hole in the community. Making that hole patent—this is what Cyrus’ remark, as quoted by Herodotus, does–, that distance, is insolence. But it is a momentous insolence, because it makes something relevant that has always alredy existed, it thematizes the ground on which one treads, the ground that had gone without saying.   And the reflection is: “either the community does not make itself relevant as such in any way, remains opaque to itself, but then in some way we can say that community does not exist, does not take place, because it does not make itself manifest . . . or else the community does not see itself bound to conform to its own opacity, and the binds, that is, the distance, the counterpositions, always already presupposed, are forced to be said, they make themselves relevant, and then the community certainly takes place, it certainly obtains, but it remains to be seen wether then and for that very reason what happens is that the community explodes” (106).

So, we can only thematize something at the moment of its dissolution, at the moment of its vanishing.   And this self-thematization, Marzoa says, is the polis as such. At that very moment.

In any case, this exercise concerning the vanishing community, the community as vanishing, allows us to understand that civil society, the civil society of modernity, can no longer be understood accordingly: that civil society is no polis.   Modern civil society, that is, civil society, since there is no non-modern civil society, cannot be understood through the thematization of an empty space in the middle. Rather, civil society is the thematization of an overpowering empty space understood as an unlimited continuum, where distance prevails absolutely, where no thing and no content is binding, where everything is exchangeable, where the thing has become, overwhelmingly, that is, totally, commodity. If community could be presupposed for the polis, and distance needed to make itself patent, in civil society what is presupposed is distance, that is, the non-binding character of every thing and every content.   And what must make itself patent is nihilism.

Marzoa insists therefore that there is a certain secondariness of civil society or the State, which is an integral part of civil society.   A certain secondariness: negation. Civil society is the absence, the abstention, the renunciation (111) of some other thing that has been lost, that has vanished into time.   Can we call this, as Marx does, the “democratic republic”?

There is also a belatedness of the very concept of democracy in the Greek polis.   The first struggle was not for democracy, whatever that may have meant for the Greeks in terms of demos or krátos.   The first struggle was for isonomía. Isonomía does not refer to a kind of polis, rather it is constitutive of the polis as such, it is the event itself of the polis.   Isonomía does not name authority, it rather names “something anterior and conditioning of all authority,” the very ground of authority.   Demokratia, however, is the belated naming of that ground, in favor of the demos, and this passage, from isonomía to demokratia, is already the decline and withdrawal of the polis as such—it says too much, it unbalances things into a situation where a conflict between isonomía and democratía was bound to prevail.   And it did. Socrates exemplifies it. Modern democracy finds a solution to that problem by dictating the necessary universality of the reach of the system of liberties, that is, the utter emptying out and degrounding of any binding, the absolute absence of community. Democracy in modernity is nihilistic democracy.   In the same way demokratia, by prevailing, brought about the historical end of the polis, in the same way, by prevailing the empty universality of nihilistic, civil democracy must open the way to something else. But first it needs to come into its own.

In the title for this entry I used the expression “the unthematizable haunting.”   I want to let the ambiguity of the word haunting resonate, all the way marking one of its meanings as abode or guarida or madriguera or first and most basic inhabitation, which happens to be the reconstructible first usage of ethos in the Homeric text as we said below in one of the comments to Jorge’s recent entry.   Presumably, if we are to make infrapolitics appear in the context of the discussion of Martínez Marzoa’s thought, it will be somewhere around the consideration of whatever remains unthematizable in our nihilistic history.

Martínez Marzoa y la forma de lo civil. Democracia y descualificación. Por Guillermo García Ureña.

Quiero detenerme sucintamente en algunos aspectos de la obra de Martínez Marzoa y conectarlo con una pregunta que se hizo (creo que fue Ludmila) en la sesión sobre el libro de Zivin acerca de la relación entre democracia y marranismo. En la obra de Marzoa no se trata la cuestión de lo marrano, pero creo que a partir del concepto de lo civil se puede establecer una conexión entre marranismo y democracia.

Para Marzoa, con el concepto de lo civil se accede a algo “nuevo”, que “no se da por sentado” a partir de autores como Hobbes, Spinoza y otros, lo que supone en estos autores un proceso de separación o distancia respecto de la tradición anterior (en lo cual será clave la distancia de la comunidad); pero otra de las claves, quizá no tan explícita, es la consciencia tardomoderna desde donde se habla (esto es, en distancia también respecto de la modernidad, quizá no como rechazo de sus presupuestos sino como radicalización de los mismos). Esto produce que la textualidad, por caso la de Hobbes, y en especial lo que tradicionalmente ha podido significar, se nos presente en disonancia o desajuste con lo que apunta Marzoa; por ello no hay que perder de vista el enfoque formal con el que hace sus lecturas (formal como opuesto a materia en Kant, no como “forma” como los manuales de lógica).

La clave en esta cuestión, según lo entiendo yo, es la negación de todo contenido vinculante (esto es, contenido que refiera a una identidad, comunidad o jerarquía material de valores) en lo político, como condición fundamental de la democracia. Precisamente pensar una democracia desde la desligación, lo cual no niega trazas de identidad, comunidad, etc., sólo que estas no pueden ser el objeto de la política. Un rechazo de la lógica de la identidad (pero también de la reivindicación y afloración de múltiples diferencias como otra cara de la misma lógica), como condición de posibilidad de un pensar la política de modo garantista, esto es, sin distingo por quién sea uno. O lo que es lo mismo, la descualificación radical como condición de la trabazón social en democracia. La disolución de la lógica de la identidad en una política donde el secreto queda a resguardo.

Infrapolítica 1 e Infrapolítica 2. By Alberto Moreiras.

He dudado si colgar esta nota como comentario a la nota previa de Jorge Alvarez Yágüez, pero al final he decidido en contra de esa posibilidad por razones que tienen que ver con el carácter propositivo de lo que sigue.   Jorge nos ofrece una magnífica contribución a lo que voy a llamar infrapolítica 2, y aquí me interesa distinguir de la infrapolítica 2 lo que llamo infrapolítica 1.   Por mi parte sanciono positivamente lo que ha dicho Jorge, que creo que recoge de una manera admirablemente sucinta—no completa, pero eso no estaba en juego—la dimensión patente y activa de la práctica infrapolítica como programa.

Digamos que infrapolítica 2 pone el énfasis en –política, mientras infrapolítica 1 pone el énfasis en infra-. (El blog no admite subrayados, me temo, pero sería más fácil imaginar la palabra con el prefijo subrayado o con el sustantivo subrayado.)   Y pienso que ambos énfasis responden, precisamente, y no por casualidad, a dos conceptos diferentes de la palabra ética. El segundo es el concepto al que, en la modernidad, dio carta de naturaleza Kant, aunque tiene viejas raíces precristianas y cristianas, naturalmente, y con respecto del cual Jorge nos dice que puede resaltar o exigir un tipo de comportamiento “absoluto y categórico . . , volcado hacia dentro, hacia la propia interioridad y perfección . . . pueden no importarle las consecuencias . . . solo puede actuar por convicción.”   La palabra griega ethikos recoge eso aunque sólo parcialmente, en la medida en que deriva de un sentido de ethos que refiere, ya en Hesíodo y Herodoto, a la disposición o carácter del ser humano concreto.   Es discutible, quizás indecidible para nosotros, que el fragmento de Heráclito ethos daimon recoja también de forma dominante esa acepción.   Walter Benjamin, por ejemplo, haciéndose eco de muy larga tradición, traduce el ethos daimon como carácter es destino. Hace muchos años yo propuse una traducción diversa, en inglés, canny is uncanny, homely is unhomely, en español, lo familiar es lo infamiliar, o lo habitual es lo siniestro. En fin, esa traducción alternativa se fijaba en la primera acepción de ethos que resalta, por ejemplo, el léxico de Liddell-Scott, citando a Homero y Heródoto, según la cual el ethos es “an accustomed place,” y en plural “the haunts or abodes of animals.”   El ethos es la casa antes de la casa, el habitamiento en su sentido más desnudo y por lo tanto más definitivo.   Y para mí ese sería el sentido de ética con el que tiene relación dominante lo que llamo infrapolítica 1.  Dada, sin embargo, la fuerte prevalencia en nuestra cultura de la otra noción de ética, yo insistiría en que conviene entender que la ética se relaciona con infrapolítica 2 mucho más que con infrapolítica 1. O incluso, que infrapolítica 1 no tiene relación particular alguna con la ética en el sentido aristotélico (que no es originalmente aristotélico, claro, sino que en Aristóteles ya es derivado, por ejemplo, de Sócrates, cuya oposición a los sofistas, por ejemplo, puede entenderse como oposición ética en ese sentido, luego cristiano, y luego kantiano.)

Por cierto podríamos discutir aquí las misterioras páginas del final de la Carta sobre el humanismo en las que Heidegger habla de ética, y remite al ethos daimon heraclíteo, en un sentido que yo creo que remite más a infrapolítica 1 que a infrapolítica 2. Pero eso queda para otro día, aunque me interesa marcarlo.

Y pienso que, aunque cada quien ha de tener sus preferencias, su estilo (y esa palabra, estilo, para mí ya de entrada está más relacionada con infrapolitica 1 que con infrapolítica 2), no es posible pensar propiamente infrapolítica 2 sin retrotraerla a la incomodidad fundamental de infrapolítica 1, que es lo que motiva todos los trastornos de comprensión de lo que se está proponiendo.   Infrapolítica 1, para decirlo quizá demasiado burdamente, está siempre de antemano más allá del bien y del mal, y es refractaria en cuanto tal no sólo a toda política sino también a toda ética (salvo a la ética que entiende el ethos como madriguera o habitamiento desnudo).   Cómo pensar esa dimensión, quizá en una frontera no particularmente accesible en cuanto frontera del lenguaje, quizá en una frontera no particularmente accesible de lo humano, y así en cuanto tal remitiendo también a lo animal, ese es, yo pienso, el problema fundamental o la tarea fundamental de este proyecto, el lugar donde la ontología se junta con lo refractario a la ontología, el lugar de un “de otro modo” o incluso de un “epekeina” (más allá) que también hemos de pensar en relación con la temática de la historia del ser, es decir, de la historia en cuanto ser, aunque estoy con Jorge en que, si esa es la tarea de pensamiento fundamental, en realidad no puede distinguirse de su intento (del intento de Jorge) por asociarla decisivamente con la infrapolítica 2 que él propone.

NOTAS PARA UN NUEVO CONCEPTO DE INFRAPOLÍTICA (II). ÉTICA E INFRAPOLÍTICA. By Jorge Alvarez Yágüez.

Sobre la diferencia entre Ética e Infrapolítica.

Hay que partir de que ética y política así como no son lo mismo ni pueden serlo, tampoco son ajenas, ni pueden serlo. El principio griego de que no es posible una politeía justa sin individuos con un determinado ethos, ni un ethos pleno sin aquella, que no cabe una separación de esas dos esferas, sigue siendo un principio básico de referencia categorial a pesar de la modernidad política. El ideal de la ciencia política moderna, de lo que Kant alguna vez (seguido por el Marzoa de El concepto de lo civil) formuló como una constitución perfecta para un “pueblo de demonios”, es imposible. No hay manera de construir una comunidad democrática sobre la base de la desconfianza respecto de sus integrantes, a lo que conduce es a una sociedad de controles panópticos, o conductistas, en que el reconocimiento a todos de los derechos es doblado por el sometimiento de cada uno al ojo amenazante de un Estado omnipresente. No es posible una ley que se sostenga tan sólo por el poder que la ampara, sin que acredite validez por parte de quienes la siguen. Puede que valga en el taller o en el mundo de la burocracia, pero en la sociedad política no cabe “máquina sin espíritu” (Weber).

El nexo ética-política no es, pues, tan solo un principio básico de la política establecido desde los griegos al que cabe retornar por momentos como fuente eterna de inspiración, es requerido por el más elemental realismo político, sin él la comunidad no es posible. Pero además, este principio es, si cabe, más pertinente hoy que en otro tiempo, pues no podemos por menos que extraer a este respecto las consecuencias del fin del Estado-nación al que han estado ligadas hasta ahora las categorías políticas modernas. El Estado-nación intensificaba el choque de la política con la ética al contraponer la universalidad de la ética a la particularidad de la política, pues fuera del ámbito nacional cada Estado impera en un medio en el que solo rige la ley de la naturaleza (estado de naturaleza). Hoy esto ha de entenderse como el medio en que los mercados imperan desbocados sin rienda política que los sujete. El Estado, como bien Hegel puso de manifiesto, no podía admitir ningún principio ético por encima de sí. Todo eso ha sido trastocado, y hoy el individuo en un incipiente mundo cosmopolita puede exigir un amparo de sus derechos, por encima del Estado, a la comunidad internacional, que al Estado mismo ha de someter. La necesidad de una comunidad política transnacional hace que la política pueda limar al máximo su particularidad acercándose a la universalidad que reclama la ética. La demanda ética de universalidad adquiere, entonces, una dimensión política. Sin llegar nunca a superponerse el sujeto universal de la ética se acerca al sujeto particular, marcado por su pertenencia de la política. Curiosamente, en un mundo en que la política desaparece, el nexo entre ética y política se vuelve más urgente.

Carl Schmitt era muy consciente de este punto. Toda su oposición a un avance en esa línea resulta, sin embargo, ideológica. Consideraba un absurdo una política de la humanidad, basada en los derechos humanos, de la universalidad, etc, pues la política es escisión, división amigo/enemigo. Pero dar lo que es un ideal por un factum para oponerse a él es una falsedad. Nunca se llegará a la política de la universalidad, a la fusión, en esta dimensión, entre sujeto ético y sujeto político, pero la lucha por ello supone escisión y conflicto, política, pues, en ese mismo sentido; que nunca veremos plamarse, tan sólo es una aproximación asintótica a ese objetivo.

El campo de la política y el de la ética permanecerán siempre en tensión por su misma naturaleza, mientras uno es el dominio de lo absoluto y categórico, el otro es campo de lo relativo y condicional; una está volcada hacia dentro, hacia la propia interioridad y perfección, la otra hacia fuera, es estricto campo de la apariencia y exterioridad; a la primera pueden no importarle las consecuencias, en ningún caso dejará de apreciarlas la segunda; la primera solo puede actuar por convicción, a la segunda le basta el cumplimiento de la norma, la primera admite nexos estratégicos, no así la segunda, etc.

Precisamente porque a la infrapolítica le importan las consecuencias no quiere ser una especie de ética trasladada sin más a la esfera pública, traducida, entonces, en una singular fuerza mesiánica para la que ni siquiera la violencia es tal, pues no se mide con patrones terrenales; no pretende tampoco ser trasunto de historia del ser alguna esperando el gran Ereignis final que repita el comienzo olvidado, no es Metapolítica, no juega a una logomaquia de la historia, no es megapolítica, que es en lo que suele convertirse aquella, es infra, asume responsabilidades, hacia el futuro, para con el presente y cara el pasado que observa con ojos aterrados proponiéndose que su acción al no repetirlo lo redima. Es muy consciente de la desmesura, de la carencia de límites del actuar humano, de la erección fácil de lo contingente en principio absoluto, de que toda decisión es injusta aun cuando acierta y hace bien, por lo que no puede sino interrogarse por lo sacrificado en cada movimiento. Eso es lo que le demanda también su criterio central de piedad por las cosas.

La infrapolítica no puede sino asumir con lucidez , pues, esa diferencia entre ética y política, esa tensión y, ciertamente, ese nexo. La política moderna a partir de Hobbes y una vez que asumiera hasta la médula una sola parte de la lección maquiaveliana, cercenándola de la parte republicana, rompe con el lazo ética-política, y aspira a una especie de dominación funcional, una máquina sin alma, una hegemonía pasiva. La política moderna por fuerza no puede ir más allá, y para sus designios le es suficiente.

La infrapolítica, al combatir radicalmente ese dominio, y aun todo lo que de él se refleje en su propia oposición, inevitablemente aparecerá más cercana a la ética por cuanto que es extraordinariamente exigente respecto de las fuerzas del individuo, demanda de él un ejercicio de ruptura, de disentimiento, de esfuerzo intelectual y vital que es propio de lo ético; y así aparecererá a los demás. Pero esto no es sino un efecto de la situación, del contexto en que se mueve. Dado que su vocación es abrir paso a la posibilidad de una verdadera política, su alma mira, sin embargo, a este otro lado, el colectivo, el exterior, el de la mundanidad, no el de la interioridad, no el ético.

No es sin más “política” porque se mueve en un arrière-plan, detrás de ella, intentando en todo momento que sus condiciones se restaruren, no se malogren. En pureza, si se diese una política auténtica, y se da en ocasiones, pues por momentos, y en determinados espacios, se logra el libre actuar juntos, el libre deliberar para la acción, en ese preciso momento y lugar, entonces, no hay infrapolítica, sino política stricto sensu. La infrapolítica solo existe cuando la política falla, cuando están en peligro sus condiciones de posibilidad, cuando se están introduciendo elementos que la deterioran o amenazan con su liquidación. Es una fuerza crítica que se mueve en un plano, se diría, casi-transcendental (relativo a las condiciones de posibilidad) si bien inmanente e histórico, contingente; en un espacio necesitado de intervención para convertirse en más netamente político. Por tanto, ese espacio no es del todo político ya que le es casi- previo.

Estas expresiones precedidas advervialmente del “casi” pueden irritar, – je suis desolé-, pero así es la cosa. No es rigurosamente transcendental por dos razones: es de carácter inmanente, no se sustrae a la historia, pero se sitúa en un distinto estrato de esta, como se sitúa una estructura respecto de los hechos que la acomodan; y una segunda razón, más importante, la infrapolítica es relativa a las “condiciones de posibilidad”, decimos, pero no son exactamente las condiciones de posibilidad, pues éstas quedan fuera o al borde del espacio político; una contienda militar está fuera de ese espacio, pero puede ser un medio para crear unas condiciones en que la política pueda darse, y aquella contienda, entonces, cese. Esas acciones que buscan crear condiciones de posibilidad, dado que la política no existe, requieren acciones no políticas, a menudo instrumentales, de fuerte formación de sujetos unificados, etc. La infrapolítica no se mueve en ese espacio, ni con este tipo de acción. Está allí donde hay política, pero en una situación amenazada de extinción, es en ese mundo necesitado de reparación, de restauración, de depuración, no de creatio ex nihilo, en el que se da su acción. No olvidemos que definimos la infrapolítica como “política” si bien “infra”, por tanto se da en un espacio en el que de algún modo la política no ha desaparecido del todo, y en el que la infrapolítica actúa como una fuerza regeneradora, revitalizadora, la que comporta su capacidad de crítica. Por todo esto no es exactamente transcendental sino quasi-transcendental. Y por esa misma razón decimos casi-previo, pues si fuera estrictamente previo se situaría fuera, como fuera está el plano transcendental. No es anterior sino simultáneo, actúa sobre la política pero en un plano que no se le superpone, sino que está como en retirada respecto del de la política, que se le sustrae. Permitidme el juego: en otro lugar dijimos que la infrapolítica es la política de la no-política, pues rechazaba todos los rasgos con los que convencionalmente la política se presentaba. Pues bien, ahora decimos, en perfecta complementariedad, que es política de la política, pues se propone que haya realmente política, es su fuerza facilitadora, su continuo intento de restauración.

Evidentemente, no puede, entonces, decirse que tal sea un plano ético, por mucho que lo distingamos como arrière-plan de la política, e indiquemos que en el contexto actual se aproxima al gesto ético, pues, al fin, la infrapolítica a la política está volcada, y, en consecuencia, no es ética por las mismas razones señaladas que distinguían la naturaleza de la política de la de la ética. Es un espacio entre, un entre-deux, un ni -ni, ese es el espacio de la infrapolítica. Dicho esto, inmediatamente hay que añadir, para más irritación, que esta expresión no es del todo exacta, pues si bien no es ética tiene mucho de ella, si bien no es política, a ella se refiere, y sólo no lo es porque a lo que pasa por política se opone; por consiguiente, y aquí está lo irritante, no es lo uno ni es lo otro, pero tampoco no es “no-es-lo-uno-ni-lo-otro”, esto es, no se puede decir sin más que no lo sea, pues algo sí lo es, de aquí que al ni-ni, habría que añadirle un tercer ni, “ni «ni-ni». Bueno, así es la rosa.

De Ipola´s Althusser, el infinito adiós. By Alberto Moreiras.

Emilio de Ipola’s book on Althusser (2007) is the explicitation of a complicated rhetorical structure.   Part of the complication stems from the fact that the structure is doubled. As someone who, coming from a different (Sartrean) tradition of thought and also a different, Latin American political reality, fell to the fame and glamour of Louis Althusser in the Paris of the 1960´s and took his distances from him in the 1970´s and 1980´s, he realized at some point in the planning stages for his book that a revision of the thought of Louis Althusser was bound to become a simultaneous look at his own itinerary of thought.

Initially, all De Ipola meant to do was to write a book on the so-called late Althusser.   At that point he was still more or less a believer in the critical commonplace that understood Althusser´s work as having undergone a three-stage evolution: from the early structuralist period in the 1960´s to the revisionist, self-critical period of the 1970´s to the unforeseen and wild Althusser of the “materialism of the encounter” in later times, whose work would only become public after his death.   But De Ipola started detecting, from the early works, a certain “duplicity,” a number of inconsistencies, breaks, black holes in his texts that made the conventional division unsustainable and called for an explanation.   What did we have, then? Is there an exoteric and an esoteric Althusser? A subterranean Althusser to be opposed to a manifest one?   Is it a matter of some inaugural blockage, a self-inaugural repression that would later become undone through the gradual resolution of some monumental inner conflict?   Or do we have to come to terms with the notion that there is no possible “univocity,” not even an obscure one, in the political and philosophical project of the thinker?   It is, however, fair to say that all of these questions are partially undone by the fact that, in the posthumously published work, even if still in a precarious and unfinished way, the deep versus superficial topology gets dissolved, and with it the exo/esoteric one. But there is no final reconciliation, only a tendential one, hence still merely hypothetical.   And yet even this hypothetical, tendential reconciliation creates new puzzles, as we come to understand that the alleged subterranean stuff is not merely contradictory with the superficial one, and the supposedly repressing and more explicit positions end up getting the same, or more, or just a little bit less leeway than the supposedly repressed and implicit ones.   So what are we to make of it all? Who was Althusser, and what was the truth of his thought?

Althusser’s political position as a Marxist had to do with a double stricture: while his work in the 1960’s was universally seen as a renovation of Marxist philosophy, which had become stale and dogmatic by then, he still thought that he needed to remain ostensibly within the parameters acceptable to the French Communist Party, hence to the official line of the Soviet Union. This situation, which seemed intolerable and even unimaginable only a few years ago, is perhaps quickly becoming imaginable once again, as theoretical thought yearns for new orthodoxies.   But our contemporary farce was to a certain point Althusser’s tragedy, and secondarily the tragedy of many Althusserians like De Ipola himself, who thought that they could securely devote themselves to a radical renovation of thought while protected as insiders by a leftist apparatus. In any case, the political inscription of early Althusserianism goes some way towards explaining some of the hermeneutic puzzles, to a certain extent the result of disavowed internalizations.   But it doesn’t explain it all.

The problem was of course the probability that, without a massive reengagement with Marxism-Leninism at both a political and a theoretical level, the residual Stalinism of the 1960’s would evolve into mere “theoretical eclecticism” cum “practical reformism.”   At the same time the atmosphere of the 1960’s provided momentum for an effort at reconceptualization that might have clear political echoes. It was a time of illusions that would only flourish if any number of enemies could be nipped in the bud–beyond the obvious anti-Marxism, also the (deemed) hopeless Marxism represented by people like Lucien Goldmann, Henri Lefebvre, or Jean-Paul Sartre; and, crucially for De Ipola, the non-Marxist structuralism of Claude Lévi-Strauss that seemed to exclude history and politics in favor of the unconscious as the privileged horizon for research.   It is here, in this context, that the notorious “Science vs. Ideology” opposition comes into place. Althusser would militantly posit the necessary occupation of the “scientific” position against all ideological inventions.  It was a double-edged militancy, however, to the extent that it could be used not just to oppose enemies outside the Communist Party, but also within the Communist Party, and at the limit the Communist Party itself in its official line.   Althusserianism emerged as the cool position–the place occupied by radical militants in the “theoretical front” who could claim total novelty and a revolutionary spirit against every form of sclerosis while at the same time remaining members of an elite that was anything but displaced or condemned to the fringes of the present. As De Ipola puts it, Althusserianism was both “provocative” and “prudent,” open to new thought and yet classical in its leftist emphasis on the true or “scientific” line of Marxism-Leninism.   Which did not mean both insiders and outsiders could not see the magnitude of the problems it was eliciting–and even that was attractive.

It is at this point that De Ipola presents two theses that his book will try to develop. According to the first thesis, Althusserianism orients itself “along and against” Lévi-Straussian structuralism in order to (this is the second thesis) “turn politics thinkable.” It is the latter aspect that inevitably sets Althusser on a long revisionist path that will culminate in a reversal regarding many of his early or “classical” positions.   Such a reversal is necessarily “post-Marxist.” Hence, De Ipola says, towards the end of his life, “Althusser anticipates and sublates” the production of his former disciples towards a post-Marxism that he would have pursued before the term itself had been formed.

At the beginning of Chapter Two De Ipola gives us a hint of the perplexities that would develop for a hypothetical or hyperlucid reader.   Althusser starts his publishing career as a modest post-Stalinist “open” Marxist whose contributions could be limited to the restatement, perhaps with some new flair, of completely orthodox (and dogmatically asserted) positions: whoever did not accept them should “renounce his right to call himself a Marxist.”   But it is under the impact of structuralism that the Althusser of the mid-1960´s launches an attack against the humanism and historicism of classical Marxism that made his fame and attracted any number of talented young thinkers to his positions. Pour Marx, the two volumes of Lire le Capital, and the endeavors of the Cahiers marxistes-leninistes and Cahiers pour l´analyse in fact created “a new Marxism.”   And this is the moment when De Ipola says that “here and there,” without proper development or any kind of emphasis, as the “fictive conclusion of an absent argumentation,” there started to appear thoroughly mystifying bits and pieces in Althusser´s work: “unclassifiable . . . inapprehensible” commentary springs up enigmatically and inconsistently in the text, weird quirks that few properly registered for what they meant and mean. It is only in retrospect that we can understand such emergences as “the beginnings of a new philosophical conception” that at that point in time was merely intuited, not known, by Althusser himself.

Beyond the early book on Montesquieu, Althusser´s star begins to shine through the publication of his articles “On the Young Marx” (1959) and the slightly later “Contradiction and Overdetermination.”   The article on the young Marx states his denunciation of residual Hegelianism in the early Marx and posits his notion of an “epistemic cut” together with the important hermeneutic notion of “problematics.” And the article on contradiction and overdetermination already offers a structuralist take on the issue of economic determination that would result in the notion of an absent cause (“structuralist causality”) and the postulation of economicism as a theoretical mistake.   De Ipola carefully reconstructs the discussions and mutual loans that, from Levi-Strauss to Althusser to Alain Badiou to Jacques Lacan to Jacques-Alain Miller, would enable the Althusserian perspective on economic determination in the last instance to emerge (“the lonely hour of the last instance never tolls”). De Ipola in particular focuses on the later repressed importance of Lévi-Strauss´s “Introduction to the Work of Marcel Mauss,” where a presentation of the radical openness of structure first takes place.   Indeed, Lévi-Strauss´s theoretical contributions, coming from a non-Marxist endeavor, had to be carefully kept in check or even disavowed, in rather typical old-Marxist ways, notwithstanding their deep impact on the properly innovative content of Althusserian structuralist Marxism.   And it is through Lacanianism that the notion of structuralist causality is brought to bear on the attendant notion of the subject, accepted of course by Lacan and Miller as the suturing point of the structure but rejected by Althusser in unequivocal terms.   For Althusser, the “subject” is a merely ideological function–in other words, only the subject of ideology exists as ideology, where the subject of the unconscious is truly a non-subject.

This would the point at which to regret the absence of a few pages on the problem that emerges when the Althusserian deconstruction of the subject provisionally indicates four types of subject that correspond to the later “theory of the subject” put forth by Alain Badiou–except that Althusser rejects them and Badiou accepts them, all the while recognizing how, in Althusser and within his thought, “there can be no theory of the subject.” Ipola does not mark at this point Badiou´s fundamental disagreement, as evidenced starting with the publication of his own Theory of the Subject, and then in subsequent works–in fact, he suggests that Althusser and Badiou were in deep accord on the issue.   The chapter closes with an analysis of the ostensible or declared disavowal of Lévi-Strauss, which would be false, since Lévi-Strauss was a clear influence, while fascinatingly also presenting it as symptomatically revealing a deeper conflict: Althusser´s “esoteric” or “subterranean” thought was in effect “deeply incompatible with structuralism.”   This is in fact shocking, as it puts on hold both the discovery of structural causality (and the critique of economicism) and the rejection of the subject–which are deemed to be the two main accomplishments of classical, structuralist Althusserianism.

But De Ipola is not through with Althusser´s conception or rejection of the category of the subject yet. In Chapter Three he returns to it as the central motif of the so-called “transitional” period–that is, to the relationship between the subject and ideology, or to the notion of the ideological subject, which is the only subject (or, apparently, non-subject) that Althusser recognizes as actually existing, although, to be clear, it is an actual existence in illusion: the ideological subject is only the support of social relations as concealed by the ideological function. The structure, or the system, only allows individuals to recognize themselves as subjects at the cost of fixating on structural operations, not systemic (that is, on imaginary projections, not the real).   And it is here that De Ipola disentangles yet another problem or black hole of Althusserian exoterics: a problem that presents itself in the very gap between the publication in 1969 of the article on “Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses” and the postface to it published a year later. The postface introduces the notion of class struggle, until then practically absent from the Althusserian theorization. And with it the notion that an ideological subject can be constituted by either the ideology of the dominant class or the ideology of the dominated (or by any combination of the two). In other words, the subject is not, that is, no longer merely caught in projections of domination, but could be functional to emancipation, which means also that ideology itself, although perhaps eternal as a function, changes historically and would potentially exist as an instrument of the universal class (that is, the proletariat) in alternative social formations. This, according to De Ipola, not only throws a potential monkey wrench into the notion that the Marxian concepts introduced in Capital are scientific concepts and correspond to real laws, independent of any social formation: those concepts become relativized at the same time that the strong notion of ideology also becomes relativized in favor of a softer position, according to which ideology “subjects” not only to domination, and it is possible to conceive of an emancipating ideology. In the same way, Marx´s scientific concepts are also contingent and historically variable, as they depend on particular configurations of the class struggle. It also means that the relationship of philosophy or theoretical thought to practice changes, and that philosophy can no longer be considered the handmaiden of dominant truth–the postulation of a philosophy for Marxism means to point out the possibility of a philosophical articulation of the class struggle that would militate in favor of the dominated class.   Does this not imply that the “subject” is back in play for any conceivable political operation?   The “strong enunciation” of the theory of the ideological subject seems to have been abandoned. But can this issue, clearly left unfinished in Althusser’s late work, not be pushed?

Chapter Four promises to solve all of the remaining issues. The notion of a certain “softening” in Althusser´s late position seems confirmed by the news that Althusser comes at that point in his life pretty close to Antonio Gramsci´s thought, abandoning its previous harsh objections.   Althusser moves past Marx into an increasing interest on other authors, notably Machiavelli. The old notion of the “scientific laws” of Marxism is increasingly replaced by the notion of “tendential laws.”   And in 1978 Althusser publishes a text, “Marx dans ses limites,” where a frank critique of actually existing Marxism obtains.   So–is Althusser no longer a Marxist?   De Ipola does not put it in those terms, except for his previous statement that Althusser invented post-Marxism avant la lettre. What is really at stake, rather than an abandoning of the Marxist tradition, however, may more properly be called a reinvention of the political, that is, a thorough politicization of issues that, to the Althusser of this time, seemed to have become stale under previous and more dogmatic treatments. One of them is the issue of antagonism, linked to the assertion of the primacy of class struggle over class as such.   This is crucial as it allows Althusser to double his distance from the French-philosophy motif of the “end of history.” Conflict is irreducible and permanent, and history is “a process without a subject or an end.” An abandonment of any philosophy of history in favor of a conception of a “finite” Marxist theory is part of the same string of developments.   Althusser seems to have abandoned many of his earlier theoretical tenets. But does he know where he is going? He tends to speak more in his own voice, and less as a spokesman for the real Marx.   And then two series of texts confirm his turn. The first one is the series on Machiavelli, later published as Solitude de Machiavel, which could be linked with some previous writings on the same tradition dating back to 1955. And the second one is comprised of several texts written from 1982-1988 that are variations on the crucial “Le courant souterrain du matérialisme de la rencontre” (1982), and some other texts such as the interview with Fernanda Navarro.   The take in Machiavelli is a republican one, clearly oriented to the theorization of political mobilization–of “primitive political accumulation,” as Althusser famously put it–as such.

But we are now fully into the theorization of a radically contingent moment, the moment of political explosion–we are very far from the ineluctable necessity of historical laws, or indeed from the supposed actuality of a communism that is already gazing at us even if we ourselves cannot yet countenance it.   We are at the polar opposite of the classical Althusser.   A tradition of materialism going back to Epicurus, Democritus, and Lucretius gives Althusser the concept he needs: he calls it a “materialism of the encounter,” an “aleatory materialism” that depends on a radically liberated notion of contingent conjuncture. Nothing can any longer be explained or anticipated: it simply occurs, or it does not take place.   Politics is the mere potentiality of the encounter. This is of course a hot issue, as some current trends in North American and Anglophone Marxism, many of them deeply influenced by French thinkers, are engaging in a frontal rebuttal of this conception even as they claim themselves inheritors of Althusserianism.   But what may suspect that contemporary authors are in fact abandoning Althusser´s most radical position and returning to a comfortable and perhaps more prudent or allegedly productive orthodoxy.  Why not push Althusser further into the direction he had already started to move forward? Whence the need for recoil?

In the last thirty pages of his book De Ipola turns more to his own voice, and attempts to respond to issues elicited by the later Althusser but never fully clarified.   For instance, would it not seem that the previous critique of the notion of the subject needs to be abandoned given the Machiavellian emphasis on virtú and the appeal to the notion of radical contingency?   For De Ipola, however, Althusser stuck to his guns and never fell for the subject: he held on to his theoretical antihumanism to the end. It is class struggle understood, against a long Marxist tradition that very much continues into the present day, not as the subject but as the motor of history that can respond to the issue. The masses, themselves the real agent of political change, and themselves produced by the class struggle, cannot be conceptualized as a subject without gutting the latter concept of all meaning. Thinkers of the multitude must take notice and account for this little problem. De Ipola finds in the notion proposed by Badiou, in the context of explaining Althusser, of a “subjectless subjective,” or a subjectivity without a subject, the very site of political action.

And, here, we must wonder whether that true site, precisely prior to political subjectivation, is not therefore better described as infrapolitical.

Galli’s Lo sguardo di Giano: Passing Beyond Schmitt. By Alberto Moreiras.

The title words in Carlo Galli`s book, soon to be published in English, are a reference to the passage between form and the formless, chaos and order, war and peace. Carl Schmitt´s thought is said to carry a tremendous capacity to account for the radical reversibility of the political realm—ultimately, from form to crisis and from crisis to form. If the ability to experience both sides of the political, to see both, and to dwell in the ambivalence of political time is important for a thinker, then Carl Schmitt, who has that capacity to an eminent degree, is himself required passage for “whoever wants to think politics radically.”   Schmitt is a modern classic, and one of the last classics of modernity, through what Galli calls the tragic drift of his thought (based on the experience of the ultimate indetermination of political order, that is, of violence as the immanent destiny of the political).   But even Schmitt’s radical reach cannot reach beyond the historical limits of the modern as such. Today, that is, Schmitt’s thought needs to be abandoned, needs to be crossed through and left behind, in order to find cognitive access to new political spaces beyond the modern. We must pass beyond Schmitt’s theory of the passage: this is the core of Galli’s proposal in this book, which takes up and elaborates aspects of Schmittian thought that Galli’s previous Genealogia della politica. Carl Schmitt e la crisi del pensiero politico moderno had not covered.

And of course one cannot cross the thought of a thinker without experiencing it first in as intimate a proximity as possible. Lo sguardo di Giano is composed of five chapters where Galli discusses Schmitt’s relationship to State theory, to political theology, to the so-called global age, and to Machiavelli, Strauss, and Spinoza.   They are all masterpieces of critical exegesis.

The chapter on the State takes up the notion that Schmitt, without considering that the State is the core of the political, thinks of the State as the principal aspect of political modernity precisely as the very symptom of the inherent gap between form and reality, which at the same time the State attempts to mediate.   That the State can be or is at the same time the symptom and the cure is only paradoxical if one does not realize that the order of the State is never fixed, never static, but rather tragic, unpacified, transitory, mobile. The study of the perpetual mobility of the State can therefore only be undertaken through a simultaneously theoretical, historical, and utterly political, that is, local gaze. If in this analysis the history of the State is constantly undergoing an unstable passage from the God-State to the Machine-State, in the same way that the God of metaphysics comes to be substituted in modernity by technology as the referential center of reality, the liberal phase of the State starts to appear as a depoliticized State-form: in the liberal State politics are disavowed into a technical de-politicization that of course cannot survive its own neutrality. The rise of potentially catastrophic political myths is never far from that terminal point, after which, through conceptual necessity, a new world space opens up, post-state and post-modern, for which we do not yet have a concept.  [Infrapolitics, while itself not politics, is of course the name we are pushing as a precondition for a possible reinvention of the political in the post-Schmittian age.]

The chapter on political theology continues the previous story by pointing out how it is precisely the liberal pretension of a radical neutralization of political theology that must be subjected to deconstruction by Schmitt as a way of finding his own path into the epistemic and practical state of the political.   The modern neutralization of political theology is nihilism as such, to which we cannot oppose a reinvention of the Divine, but rather simply a radical objection to its efficacy: that neutralization is in every case a disavowal of forces nevertheless profoundly powerful can only be forgotten at one’s own risk. And the theory of the exception is the place where Schmitt sustains the possibility of an understanding of the political between abyss and reason, between arbitrariness and necessity. After all, a proper understanding of authority as factically decisionistic, and not based on rational mediation, not based on legal self-foundation, is the best protection against political blindness, hence disaster. But blindness acts today for the most part through the very automatism of neutralization, through the de-politicization that disavows any principle of political transcendence in the ostensible triumph of politics as technics.  And this goes not just for neoliberal or rightwing practices, but also for whatever it is the conventional left–today the pro-hegemony, populist left, in general terms–has come to understand it should do.  The end of political theology is also the end of any concrete stability for the modern State, hence the end of the modern State; and the beginning of something else for which the categorical apparatus deployed by Schmitt can only show its insufficiency.  We need to push further.

The chapters that follow, on Machiavelli, and then on Spinoza as mediated by the figure of Leo Strauss, are tours de force of intellectual history where the presuppositions of Schmittian thought are brought to bear on the work of two other seminal thinkers of modern political thought. Galli concludes that Machiavelli is not in fact a significant segment in Schmitt’s intellectual genealogy, but in the process a highly useful explanation of the difference between a theory of the State as virtue or force and a theory of the State as the friend/enemy stasis emerges (or, as Galli puts it, the difference between the State as immediacy versus the State as negated mediation).   In the same way Spinoza comes through as outside the purview of Schmitt’s understanding of what is central to modern political theory.   But can Spinoza really help today?  It is an open question.

The last chapter on Schmitt and the global age brings the antecedent to an intricate discussion of the specific status Schmitt holds in contemporary thought: as a deconstructor of political modernity, as one of the 20th century thinkers whose depth, in all its conflicts and tensions, and in his great, unforgivable errors, gives us more to understand about politics as such, and politics in the overall history of the West, and as someone endowed with the kind of intellectual power that can become conscious of its own limitations–hence make others conscious of their limitations as well.   Schmitt represents an “extreme deconstruction” of modern political thought as “architectonic nihilism.” As such, Schmitt illuminates or reveals the radical aporias of modern political thought, and brings us to the end of a history that we must now discard, as the “new destiny of the world,” which is that of the “global age,” can no longer be accounted for through modern categories.   A new nomos has taken root, but that means in the first place that we must bring ourselves to a position from which we can interpret it. Galli presents here some of his ideas on globalization as global mobilization, but suspends the answer as to whether global mobilization can eventually reveal itself as order-bearing.   For the time being, Galli sustains, global war is a form of conflictuality without a restrainer. This is no longer a Schmittian horizon, which means that non-Schmittian political categories must be developed. Our best tool is still the understanding of the end of the political categories of modernity accessible to us as the very reverse or the other side of Schmittian thought. Schmitt still works as a deconstructor, to such an extent that one needs to read Schmitt to get rid of Schmitt—which is the same as saying that an opening to the imperatives of contemporary political thought requires a successful passage through the Schmittian passage itself.   Now, to where?

On Exploitation. By Alberto Moreiras.

I will eventually get to the question of the frame in Latin American Studies and in my own work, but first let me attempt to say something regarding the critique that we have not been able to thematize exploitation.

Sauri and Di Stefano (see below) say:  “while infrapolitics offers a compelling means for a critique of domination that foregrounds the failure of every hegemonic articulation . . . by taking into account the excluded nonsubject, how might it lead to a transformation of a mode of production defined, above all, by exploitation?”   Well, that is the one-million dollar question, as they say–which unfortunately can only have a trivial answer.  It amounts to asking, for instance, how it would be possible for feminism, or for the civil rights movement, to put an end to capitalism.  They continue: “How might we map the movement from the infrapolitical to politics itself.”

So, just to clear up a possible initial misunderstanding, the infrapolitical is always already in a relation to politics.  That`s why they call it infrapolitics.  Now, if we combine this latter question with the first, as we presumably are meant to do, the real question is not about mapping the movement from the infrapolitical to politics, but rather about mapping the movement from the infrapolitical to a revolution that would signal the end of exploitation.   And, again, this is a question that can only have a trivial answer, as not even Marxism has an answer on its own terms (“how can we map the movement from Marxism to the end of exploitation?”  “Well, it is for history to decide, it will only happen where there are mature global conditions, political voluntarism will not work, there cannot be socialism in one country, and so forth.”)

But perhaps, in the spirit of free discussion, just to continue to develop the idea, we could say that, if infrapolitics in general allows (if it is the name for the form of thought that can only allow) for reflection on the non-political underside of any political irruption, then not only is infrapolitics the very condition of any thematization of exploitation (as well as of exclusion), but it is also the condition of their reduction and tendential elimination (just as it can also be the condition of their intensification).

If politics is in every case, and necessarily, an enactment of the sacrificial structuration of history, as María Zambrano liked to say, then infrapolitics is the dimension of life where the end of sacrifice can be experienced liminally, potentially.  To that precise extent infrapolitics is the hyperbolic condition of democracy.  No democracy without infrapolitics, no infrapolitics without democracy!

I think infrapolitics has no problem with producing and, in fact, actively welcomes every critique of exploitation, every critique of exclusion.  Its task is, furthermore, not to stop there, but also to examine the conditions of such critiques in order to radicalize them towards non-sacrificial structurations of political life.   Which, on the other hand, we know will never obtain.   This is, as far as I can see, the necessarily aporetic dimension of  the relation infrapolitics-politics.

Cabezas’ A-Positional Freedom. By Alberto Moreiras

“No infrapolitics without exploitation; no exploitation without infrapolitics.”   The Introduction to Oscar Cabezas’ Postsoberanía: Literatura, política y trabajo begins by stating that post-sovereignty would be the condition of capital’s “absolute sovereignty,” that is, a capitalism without restrainer.   The hypothesis, or thesis, is that such is the regime of rule today, in virtue of which there is no limitation to the slavery imposed by capital. Post-sovereignty would describe the political terrain of globality, understood as the political terrain of exploitation.

But in the first chapter we read that there is no formal or real imposition of sovereignty, as the history of modernity shows, without the simultaneous production of a “judaizing remainder” (22), the organizer of the marrano figure, or register, as a radical exception to the sovereign community.   The marrano exception is an error or errancy as such, and marks or provides the “enigmatic experience” of something that, interpellated and informed by the law, is never quite subordinate to the unity of command” (23): an overflowing or desbordamiento “before the law.”

If the “community,” certainly in its modern form as national community, but presumably beyond that, is always an invention of power, even of inquisitional power (in the same way that the marrano is a figure within the law that exceeds the law itself, its counterpart, the Inquisition, or inquisitional logic, is “a power within the state superior to the state itself,” in Henry Charles Lea’s definition), then the marrano marks a decommunitarian option or position that, towards the end of the chapter, Cabezas will indicate as an a-positional position, an exodus from position (81).

Cabezas corrects Heidegger’s Parmenides by insisting that it is not the Germans, precisely, who could mark the very possibility of a non-Roman, non-imperial understanding of the political, but rather the marrano, as inquisitional excess.   He links this to Derrida’s messianism without the Messiah, hinting at, without fully developing, the idea that Derrida was the first to thematize political de-capitalization for a properly counterimperial, non-Roman thinking of the political.

But I wonder whether, within the confines of this chapter at least, Cabezas’ move is really towards counterimperial politics and not rather towards infrapolitical decapitalization.   Perhaps the most moving pages in the chapter are the central ones, the section entitled “Sovereign T-error, Exile’s Truth.” In them Cabezas pursues notions such as “subjectivity without subjection,” “apátrida thought,” “erratic language,” and “sovereignty without sovereignty” in order to affirm that it is only in them that a possible “relation to freedom” opens up in modernity and beyond modernity (43).   The radical sadness of exile, of ex-communication, of de-communitarization, is a condition of freedom under every regime of sovereignty, which the marrano abhors.

But can a radical opposition to sovereignty be identified as a political position? The language of the marrano is always a losing language, a language of loss or in loss (51). “Only a language of unity turned sovereignty can fulfill the function of union” (51). There can be no union under a marrano register, only separation.   But this then means, “the marrano condition of language” (61) is never political, and can only be infrapolitical. Cabezas says “clandestine,” “subterranean,” “invisible,” that is, it never rises, because it can never do, to heliotropic regions.

Marrano a-positionality is always already infrapolitical, which is its condition of freedom.   Freedom is never defined, only invoked.   So this chapter powerfully raises a question that it is not easy to come to terms with: the answer would be, there is no political freedom, in the same way there is no good community in community. But there is something like infrapolitical freedom, invoked, never defined.

Cabezas concludes: “Exile unbinds freedom doubly, as an experience in the open, but also as the impossibility for it to take place in the name of any modern genealogy of sovereignty or its criollo variations. Freedom is the experience of exile, and the whisper of a marrano who blows into your ear the destruction of the images of idols” (91).

Invention of Tradition. By Alberto Moreiras.

Over the last several days, in other forums, there has been talk about something like a tradition of infrapolitical thought.  This is important on several counts, and we are only just beginning to discuss it.   But it is also important not to push too hard, not to invent a gallery of characters forced into the dubious position of predecessors or founding fathers.  We are not into developing a doctrine here, only into tracing a style.

Part of the discussion had to do with the issue of logics, and whether binary logics can ever hold as infrapolitical.   And perhaps the obvious thing to say here, the point to be made, is that infrapolitics is neither an attempt to institute a new polarity (infrapolitics vs. heliopoliitcs) nor an attempt to claim some tertiary logical space beyond binarisms.  In Erin Graff Zivin’s formulation: “what if marranismo, illiteracy, posthegemony, infrapolitics were to be thought *not* as concepts that oppose or critique Inquisitional logic, literacy, hegemony, politics, but rather as principles of anarchy always already at work *within* these concepts, and as such inseparable from them?”

I might want to use an expression alternative to “principles of anarchy,” to elude the ambiguity there, and talk about “an-archic displacements,” for instance, but otherwise I think Zivin’s formulation holds.

Another way to think about it, perhaps the same way after a number of historical mediations, is to say that, once Hegelian dialectics announce the advent of Absolute Knowledge, there is no longer a way of opposing masters and slaves, natural life and historical life, self-relation and spirit.   Mauro Senatore said:  “there is no concept left [no archic principle] to transit into,” so that the slave is not looking to become a master, and the naked life no longer aspires to historical existence.

So, is there a way to claim infrapolitical reflection prior to post-Hegelianism, or to the end-of-history radicalization of Hegelianism in French thought from the 1930’s through 1950’s?    Or is infrapolitics directly a type of reflection that finds its primal scene in that context?

I think the answer is: yes and no to both.  It all depends on the focus.  On the one hand, infrapolitics is free thought, that is, thought that connects to life as self-relation as opposed to calculative-representational thought that follows a program or seeks the development  and implementation of a truth, and that has gone on forever, since thought is thought.  On the other hand, infrapolitics has specific contexts of appearance.

French existentialism is one of the latter, which doesn’t mean every aspect of French existentialism is infrapolitical.   Melville’s filmography is infrapolitical, and Raúl Ruiz’s filmography is infrapolitical–and those are two filmmakers directly influenced by French existentialism at an early moment of their trajectories.  There are others.

But there is, for instance, an infrapolitical Benjamin, not the messianic-teleological Benjamin committed to redeemed humanity, but the Benjamin of the destructive character, whose formalization is an early depiction of infrapolitical life.

As in the previous entry, I would like to call for conversation on these issues here, as the blog can hardly be sustained without explicit interaction.

Sauri and DiStefano´s Literary-Marxist Critique of Infrapolitics. By Alberto Moreiras.

I am taking advantage of the fact that I have had early access, courtesy of Emilio and Eugenio, to a text that will be published over the next few days in nonsite. I will post the link here once it happens. I should wait to post my reaction, but I have never waited well, so I am starting something here with my apologies included. This entry treads lightly, therefore, and is meant to be only the beginning of a conversation that I hope will be long and intense.

Their essay, entitled Making It Visible. Latinamericanist Criticism, Literature, and the Question of Exploitation Today, engages with the recent work of Josefina Ludmer on “postautonomous literatures,” with John Beverley´s particular take on cultural studies up until his postsubalternismo book, with Jon Beasley-Murray´s posthegemony, and with my own work through Exhaustion of Difference but with specific mention of infrapolitics, which is a word I have been using since I did preparatory work for Linea de sombra, then dropped for a while, and I recently took up again.

The essay is good and fair, at least regarding my work, but I think in general. It is actually enormously useful. Through some very smart observations on the problem of the frame, the need for a frame, and what they consider our collective abandonment of proper reflection on the frame, they make a double argument for the specificity of aesthetic, hence also literary, autonomy, and for the need to thematize exploitation rather than exclusion in politically-intended or politically-inflected work. They link the absence of frame to the inability to think about exploitation.

So what I want to say here to start with is that I find the issue of the frame very provocative and interesting, and, while I am not entirely sure I myself omit the frame from my reflection entirely, I am more than willing to concede the criticism is quite valid. Since I am not entirely sure of its absence, that probably means I am not entirely sure of its presence either. This is something I will have to think about for a while.

But the second thing I want to say is that, in my conception of what infrapolitics could mean, exploitation is by no means absent. On the contrary, first, it starts off by thematising the politico-ethical exploitation of the entire field of practical reason at the cost of suppressing every other possibility of thought and experience, and, second, it continues by focusing upon conditions of everyday life and labor, where the Marxist-based theme of exploitation has of course pride of place. Or let me put it this way: even biographically, infrapolitics shows up in my critical reflection as a concrete reaction to the extreme Fordist-Taylorization of middle-class intellectual life as I have experienced it. Now, it is true there has been no expansion of this line, there has been no particular engagement with it in connection with infrapolitics, or not a published one yet. But it will come. My interest here is to hold open the place of exploitation as an absolutely essential resource for infrapolitical thought. I could even say: no infrapolitics without exploitation, no exploitation without infrapolitics. We have a pending discussion here on Frederic Lordon´s book Willing Slaves of Capital, which I think should include Simon Head´s Mindless. And some of us have a pending commitment to write on Tronti and Lazzarato´s work, as part of a book on Italian political philosophy,precisely along the same lines. I have also pùblished a recent essay, “We Have Good Reasons Too, and They Keep Coming: Revolutionary Drives and Democratic Desire,” where I discuss exploitation already, although, true, in a preliminary and insufficient way.

The latter is not to be defensive, or to preempt further critique. I think the critique is accurate and fair at this stage of things, and it will work as a spur to get on with it.

Beyond all of that, the third thing I wanted to say is that I find Sauri and DiStefano´s reflection on cultural studies and its effects on work produced during the last decade very fascinating and appropriate. Along the way of their critique there show up many issues, which they treat only marginally in order to keep their focus on the double issue of frame and exploitation, but which deserve further dwelling and radicalisation.

As I said, I hope this will the beginning of a long conversation. The blog can hardly subsist without interaction of that kind.