Kenosis and Withdrawal. (Alberto Moreiras)

Deconstruction is always and in every case the deconstruction of onto-theology, and politically it is always and in every case the deconstruction of political theology, that is, of political onto-theology. In this context, infrapolitical hermeneutics are given as a need for thought in the two quotations I found in an old index card that dropped out of a book–quotations I had myself written down a few years ago and forgotten. They are from Reiner Schürmann’s Broken Hegemonies: “The excess of a nocturnal knowledge in daylight, which defined the tragic hero . . . , has become our own excess. We owe it to the kenosis, to the emptying out of normative representations” (4). And, “there is no reconciliation between the ultimates of the universalizing principle and the singularizing withdrawal” (4). Infrapolitical deconstruction (which I see as the conjunction of the deconstruction of political theology and infrapolitical hermeneutics) is a practice of kenosis on the basis of a singularizing withdrawal.

Infrapolítica y Hermenéutica. (Arturo Leyte)

Agradezco a Alberto Moreiras su detallada y lúcida lectura de algunos capítulos relevantes de mi libro EL PASO IMPOSIBLE. Lejos de pretender deslumbrar mediante una frase evocadora y hasta cierto punto nostálgica, el título se limita (de nuevo) a reflejar la tesis principal (quizá habría que hablar, más bien, de “la intención principal”) que recorre la publicación y mi propio recorrido de los últimos años: Se dice “paso imposible”, y por eso mismo intransitable, a diferencia del paso posible (este sin comillas, porque es el que se está produciendo regularmente). Si el segundo es, no solo el del idealismo (alemán) sino el idealista en general, el primero es el que caracteriza al hermenéutico. Por eso cabe hablar mejor de “paso hermenéutico” que de teoría hermenéutica o cosas por el estilo. En algún lugar de la publicación se insinúa que la tal teoría hermenéutica es de suyo ya idealista, o está siempre en trance de serlo, desde el momento en que fija una posición y hasta un procedimiento (un método): ¿Y se puede decir que haya un “método hermenéutico”? Su significado, en todo caso, diferiría mucho de lo que habitualmente se entiende por método, a saber, el medio para alcanzar un determinado objeto, aunque ese objeto sea el sujeto mismo. En cambio, por “método”, en lo de hermenéutico, cabe reconocer más bien un camino que no lleva a ninguna parte, pero principalmente porque no se refiere a un sentido diacrónico, sino al puro carácter sincrónico: “camino” significa estar ya siempre “en camino” y no este o el otro camino; es independiente, así pues, de cuáles sean las posibles posiciones, estaciones y momentos. En definitiva, camino no es otra cosa que la pura perplejidad de “encontrarse en”, una perplejidad que no puede tematizarse si no es ya siempre por medios derivados y por lo tanto “posibles”, frente al imposible carácter de la perplejidad ante el encontrarse que se quiere ocultar por todos los medios, simplemente porque no da nada de sí. Es este “no dar nada de sí” (en definitiva, este “no” y esta “nada”) lo que confiere el único contenido posible al paso imposible: efectivamente, por la nada y el no resulta imposible transitar, pero sin el reconocimiento de esa imposibilidad, lo positivo (transitable mecánicamente) se hace protagonista exclusivo y factor y esfera dominantes. Políticamente, habría que decir que ese no y esa nada nos defienden. Pero, ¿de qué? En principio, del ilimitado tránsito que no reconoce límites sino infinitos métodos para infinitos (todo ese infinito es el mundo de la posibilidad) mundos, reales o virtuales, cuando esa misma distinción se ha vuelto irrelevante.

Habría que anticipar, en todo caso, que cualquier resituación del no y la nada como figuras antagónicas a ese infinito positivo haría de ellos (que hasta ese momento valen porque son solo elementos inexistentes) otra figura tan positiva como su opuesto, de modo que en realidad dejaría de haber opuestos. Y el no –y la nada, que según Heidegger sería su origen – no puede definir una esfera opuesta al sí y lo positivo, fundamentalmente porque no es esfera alguna. Aquí se juega, seguramente, la relación comprensiva entre política e infra/política, significante siempre amenazado de aparecer como significado también dominante.

Si en mi libro, la oposición idealista/hermenéutico corresponde a la oposición Hegel/Heidegger, cabe decir algo de esta oposición y del peligro en el que se encuentra siempre el segundo elemento (hermenéutico/Heidegger), peligro inherente a la misma asimetría: mientras que lo uno (lo ideal, que es lo posible; Hegel) es, lo otro no es, pero ese “no ser” puede acabar enfatizado de tal manera que venga a tener casi más poder que el mecánico “es”, liquidándose entonces a sí mismo, dialécticamente. Y se trata de pensar que entre ese “es” y el “no es” no rige una relación dialéctica ni, por lo tanto, un mecanismo de superación, aunque sea el propiciado por la libertad política (la revolución que vendría a reconciliar ambos mundos y esferas).

Si se me preguntara en qué formulación del maltratado Heidegger (también maltratador, en primer lugar de sí mismo, cuando juega un juego que raya la desfiguración – ver mi “Heidegger: una nota sincrónica”, último capítulo de “El paso…”) se encuentra la clave de su propuesta, y también la de su malentendido definitivo, no dudaría en remitir a una frase de su opúsculo “De la esencia de la verdad”, texto radical y ambiguo donde lo haya. Dice así: “Wahrheit ist nicht ursprünglich im Satz beheimatet”. De la traducción depende ya un resultado. Yo mismo lo traduje (en colaboración) hace años así: “La verdad no habita originariamente en la proposición”. Quizá hoy probaría de estas otras maneras: “La verdad no es originaria de la proposición” o, más radicalmente, “Verdad es lo que no procede originariamente del enunciado” o, invirtiendo el sujeto gramatical, pero no el sentido: “La proposición no es el lugar natural y originario de la verdad”. ¿Por qué se atisba ya en esta aparentemente inofensiva afirmación todo el malentendido Heidegger? Yo diría: porque la formulación principal de la tesis – que se resume en que verdad y enunciado no coinciden – se encuentra encubierta bajo una expresión en la que aparecen dos significantes – “lo originario” (ursprünglich) y “la casa” (beheimatet) – de un carácter tan acusadamente retórico que invade todo el sentido, al punto de identificar lo expresivo con lo semántico. ¿Por qué disociar la verdad vinculada con lo originario y la casa de la verdad reconocible solo en la proposición? ¿Por qué no quedarse con la más sobria formulación ensayada en Ser y tiempo (parágrafo 33, GA 9, 185): “La proposición como modo derivado de la interpretación”? En cualquier caso, por motivos que trascienden estas breves líneas, Heidegger formula una extraña propuesta – la verdad no radica originariamente en la proposición – bajo una expresión que corre el peligro de constituirse ella misma en una esfera tan importante como la de la proposición, cuando la intención inicial debería ser seguramente la contraria. De nuevo en Heidegger la expresión mítica (“origen”, “casa”) se solapa con la filosófica, pero en un sentido radicalmente distinto al de Platón. Podríamos decir: en un sentido devaluado.

Sin embargo, el Heidegger que se sugiere en “El paso imposible”, sin pretender descontar el papel de la expresión por irrelevante, se propone contra Hegel, reconociendo como valiosa su (la de Heidegger) inicial intención anti-ilustrada, es decir, directamente anti-política. Que esa intención pueda ser también valiosa comprendiéndola “infra/políticamente” depende sobre todo del lector e intérprete, en este caso nosotros. En cualquier caso, hacer jugar, frente a la proposición (y en su conjunto frente al conocimiento, es decir, frente a la ciencia y la política en general), la interpretación, que no cabe en teoría alguna y por eso se debe refugiar “teóricamente” en la expresión de lo imposible, el no, la nada (pero también “lo originario”, “la casa”), conlleva un peligro: el de acoger al Heidegger anti-ilustrado y anti-moderno como representante de la figura del reaccionario. Si a eso se le añade su filia política, el carácter de reaccionario se vuelve además repugnante (ser bolchevique, en cambio, hubiera significado en aquel tiempo ser moderno y progresista, no sé si repugnante).

En todo caso, lo que se trata de pensar no es la filia o la fobia política; tampoco quién era o dejaba de ser reaccionario (Heidegger lo era), sino el estatuto mismo de la “reacción” (es decir, no del eterno progreso) y su vinculación con algo así como la (imposible) interpretación al margen de una teoría y ligada a “una” verdad cuyo sentido no es la coincidencia lógica sino nada…. Si esa “nada” queda vestida a su vez con los significados de origen, casa y procedencia natural, tenemos al Heidegger mítico. Si, en cambio, esa nada se lee tal cual, según la he traducido yo en “¿Qué es metafísica?”, como ese desistir inherente a todo ser, al punto de que lo caracteriza radicalmente, tendríamos que el origen no es algo anterior, ni algo perdido, ni algo, por lo tanto, a lo que haya que volver, sino la imposible naturaleza de las cosas, cuya habitación no es una “casa” perdida, sino la nada, el desistir que acompaña su manifestación. Entonces, la máxima “¡a las cosas mismas!” tendría otro eco, tal vez este: “¡a la nada misma!”, que es lo único que quizá salve de tanto apabullante ser.

A Question on “Infrapolitical Action.” (Rubria Rocha de Luna)

In “Infrapolitical Action,” posted below in the blog, it is stated that Lacan considers that men can never completely understand the law. This lack of knowledge or stupidity is part of being human; proof of this is neurosis. The impossibility of knowing the law is caused by censorship which, in Freudian terms, would be an instance of the super-ego. Sovereignty passes through the same process, since it also “belongs in the domain of the unknown.”  Is sovereignty to be associated to the Freudian “navel of the dream,” which nevertheless, as “the point where the relation of the subject to the symbolic surfaces,” is the very name of being (“what I call being is that last word,” says Lacan in Ethics [105])? It is in that very sense that sovereignty is apotropaic and katechontic: either we uphold sovereignty through our very unbelief in it, through our very lack of understanding and rejection of it, or we lose our head, which is cut off” (Infrapolitical Action).  Can anything else be contemplated?

For Nancy, 1968 is the year when the structure of democracy and its subject were about to change. Nancy considered that “European democracies at the time were democracies without demos,” and an epochal crisis is felt concerning the subject of the political. Then the notion of subject changed its meaning: “Nancy critiques modern democracy as having been always occupied by a notion of a subject with mastery in terms of “representations, volitions, and decisions’” (25): “the subject . . . presupposed by a self-producing and autotelic being-for-itself, subject of its own presuppositions and of its own anticipations . . . whether individual or collective, was now overwhelmed by events” (24). Nancy, for the post-1968 period, that is, for the present, “proposes a democracy without a figure” and the “return of the originary moment when the city forfeits the formative-figurative principle in the renunciation of the common as general equivalence”. (Infrapolitical action)

According to this, is the demos that is lacking in 1968, the site of the infrapolitical? How could we understand Nancy’s subject after 1968? Does this subject follow the same structure proposed by Lacan? If so, how does the infrapolitical work within that structure?

Sobre la nota de Gerardo y las citas de Antonio. (Alberto Moreiras)

Gracias, Gerardo, magnífica nota, y gracias, Antonio, por copiarnos esos fragmentos de Gadamer. Creo que es quizás el momento de plantearse el enigma que supone el relativamente reciente texto de Agamben sobre la dimisión del Papa Benedicto. Igual que Schmitt y Althusser y Galli, Agamben constata el fin de toda legitimidad en las categorías de la política contemporánea, que es donde empieza su nota Gerardo en torno a Maquiavelo (también Maquiavelo habría dicho que “todo poder es necesariamente ilegítimo”). Gadamer supone que el irónico Schmitt pudo denunciar la carencia última de legitimidad de lo político a favor de una filosofía de la historia católica, que sin embargo nunca propuso afirmativamente (solo como genealogía denegada en el origen de la política moderna). Lo que hace Agamben es, a propósito del Papa Benedicto, restituir la filosofía católica de la historia. Que, obviamente, sería la única forma en la que Agamben puede pensar se podría combatir el nihilismo a tumba abierta de la ilegitimidad presente. La evolución de Althusser es más complicada, pues en él lo que está en juego es casi el procedimiento opuesto: él empieza por el abrazo dogmáticamente férreo a una filosofía de la historia, coincidente no ya con la tradición católica, pero tampoco con el marxismo originario, sino más bien con la escatología del Partido cuya filiación es clásicamente estalinista, para ir “subterráneamente” abjurando de ella hasta el punto de hacer de su obra una obra a leer sintomalmente, pues no puede hacerse coherente en lo relativo a principios. Entonces, la destrucción de la política en Althusser no se hace a partir de una alusión, implícita (Schmitt) o explícita (Agamben), a una filosofía de la historia de carácter religioso (con respecto de la cual el marxismo althusseriano sería una clásica secularización), sino que se hace ya como invivibilidad de la filosofía de la historia, como insoportabilidad de toda filosofía de la historia. Esa insoportabilidad arroja de sí un aroma de locura, como sabemos. Lo que queda es una destrucción conceptual abierta y un camino sin trayecto–el materialismo aleatorio obviamente no hace sino anunciar ese camino abierto pero no seguido, quizá no seguible. Cuando nosotros decimos que hoy la política debe pensarse infrapolíticamente o correr el riesgo de no poder pensarse nos referimos a esa constelación de problemas o situaciones. Pero también proponemos, implícitamente, que la reflexión infrapolítica ni apunta a la reconstitución fantasmática o irónica de filosofía alguna de la historia, ni apunta a la locura del eautontimoroumenos, la incoherencia que solo puede rescatarse de sí misma sintomalmente. Busca otra cosa.

A Minor Provocation. (Alberto Moreiras)

We are familiar with the old Gramscian division of the intellectual field between organic and traditional intellectuals.   Deleuze and Foucault have their own divisions.   Althusser, in Machiavel et nous, proposes his own: he talks about the litterateurs, whose mission is presumably the interpretation of a given state of ideology, the ideologists, whose mission is the reproduction of the system, and the political thinkers proper, whose mission is of course the transformation of the world.   The reference to the thesis on Feuerbach on transformation as the task of materialist philosophy was crucial for Althusser, as we know, and the proper content of his notion of epistemic break.   So, within that classification, what about infrapolitical thinkers?   Neither interpretation nor reproduction nor transformation—or rather, all of them, necessarily, but not as thematic for the endeavor.   Infrapolitics is inhabitation, and the infrapolitical thinker is a thinker of inhabitation.   We are far from the aesthetics of existence, or the ethics of existence, or the politics of existence, or the ideology of existence—or rather, those are all factors, but not thematic. We want to reflect on the conditions of existent dwelling on earth—no less, no more. This does not close off reading, it opens it to possibilities the critical tradition has mostly left aside. Overwhelmed with distraction as it has been.   Our contention: given that sad state of affairs, the infrapolitical thinker also dreams of a determinate absence, of an empty space one would hope to fill some day.

Althusser’s Machiavelli, 2. (Alberto Moreiras)

First of all, do take a look at Jon Beasley-Murray’s previous blog on Althusser’s Machiavelli: http://posthegemony.wordpress.com/2013/02/13/machiavelli-and-us/.  What follows, and what antecedes in my previous post, are just an elaboration of it.

In “La récurrence du vide chez Louis Althusser,” another essay published as an appendix to the book edition in French of Machiavel et nous, Francois Matheron quotes a private communication from Althusser to some of his friends: “It so happens we have a certain number of definite means that we are the only ones to have. It just happens that, as a function of this transitory privilege, we are the only ones that can occupy, and that occupy, an empty space: the space of Marxist-Leninist theory, and more particularly the place of Marxist-Leninist philosophy” (224-25).   It is an intriguing text, where Althusser is saying “we are here, we might as well use it.”   Or even: “we are here. We must use it. If not us, then who?” Which means that the space Althusser and his friends occupy is the mere occasion to launch the possibility of a beginning, of a political beginning.   The occasion binds the political agent to the very extent that the political agent is only an agent seeking an occasion. It is a structural place, in the sense that it is a particular site within the general structure, but it is more than anything a conjunctural place.   From which to make a leap, were it the case that Fortune helped.   In the meantime, one is not in politics, but preparing for politics. Preparing the necessary virtue. Thinking under the conjuncture. Waiting in active waiting.

This means, a political objective must be in place, which we need to understand under the figure of “determinate absence” (Machiavel 137).   It is not there, or rather, it is there but under the form of a void that must be filled.   And it will only be filled if an encounter were to happen that cannot be anticipated, only desired.   A political act is always an absolute beginning because its event is aleatory.

Althusser and his friends are therefore preparing themselves to take on the role of the New Prince, which they understand can only happen from within the Party.   The Party is seen as a necessary part of the conjuncture, as a necessary part of political virtue, but also as a necessary part of historical Fortune. In the name of a political objective, which is no longer, for Althusser and his friends, the constitution of a lasting national State, but rather the constitution of the state of communism. This complicates the notion of “determinate absence.” For Machiavelli, the determinate absence could only be filled by the absolute solitude of the New Prince.   But the absolute solitude of the Prince can hardly be translated to the solitude of the Party.   There is no solitude to the Party, witness Althusser’s own words to his friends.

Althusser has of course denied that Machiavelli must be understood as a democratic republican, and even more so that he has any secret or esoteric intentions.   Everything is out in the open if one cares to understand The Prince in the context of the Discourses.   What is at stake is the creation of a new political space, a lasting national Italian space, without tyranny, with laws that can protect the people. Against whom? Not just against foreign agents, but particularly against the grossi, the dominant class.   The dominant class is characterized by its desire to command, by its desire to oppress. The small people, the people as such, only care about their own safety. Freedom is for them freedom from oppression.   If the Prince must on occasion act as a scoundrel, well, it can be forgiven if it is done for the sake of a lasting national constitution without tyranny.   But it won’t be forgiven if it results in tyranny.

The solitude of the Prince is then compensated, at a second or later moment, by the Prince becoming the people.   This is the politics of the day-after, in other words, not the politics of the act of political irruption, not the politics of the aleatory encounter that might enable a change in the coordinates of the situation, even an impossible change (a change that only becomes possible after it happens, but could not have been predicted).   One supposes the Party must follow a similar course, since the Party is the new Prince. The Party must become the people, even if only after power has been taken, that is, starting the day after. This might be the task prospectively self-assigned to Marxist-Leninist philosophy and his agents, Althusser and his friends.  Discussing this, still allegorically, still in the name of an exegesis of Machiavelli´s work, is presumably the object of the last extant chapter in Machiavel et nous (which we know was left unfinished).

It has to do with the development of the Marxist State apparatus, and Althusser’s first interest is then showing the similarity between Machiavelli’s take and the Marxist one. For Althusser, Machiavelli would already be signaling in the direction of Gramsci’s definition of the state, “une hégémonie (consentement) bardée de coercition (force)” (147). Beasley-Murray is right, in his blog entry mentioned above, that what follows is a fundamental endorsement of hegemony theory through the analysis of the Machiavellian popular army, the function of base ideologies (religion) and secondary ideologies, and particularly of the Prince as state individual.

And it is in the analysis of the latter that a curious contradiction comes up. The Prince must “become the people,” but it turns out to be a fake becoming.   The Prince is before all, through his or her very virtue, a master of what Kant would have called radical evil, that is, a master at making political appearances look like righteous behavior. It is always a matter of fooling the people, then, either with the truth, that is, by conforming to the ideology that supports the state (religion, laws), or with a falsity meant to appear as a truth. That is, even the Prince’s righteous behavior appears as a form of deceit, once it is accepted that the capability of becoming evil is also proper to the Prince. Because the people, il volgo, want to be content, the Prince must do everything he or she can to keep them ideologically content—and this is of course the limit of the hegemonic model Althusser establishes Machiavelli proposes, and Althusser seems to sanction.   “Parmi tous les tromperies possibles, il en est une qui intéresse le Prince: la tromperie par excellence, celle qui présente aux hommes l’apparence mëme en laquelle ils croient, qu’ils se reconnaissent, oú ils se reconnaissent, disons oú leur idéologies se reconnaït en eux, celle des lois morales et religieuses” (169).

The fakely-becoming-people of the Prince is never addressed as such except as a political necessity.   But it marks a gap, or a “vide,” to use one of Althusser’s favorite words, in the very conception of politics proposed. Politics takes absolute priority, for the sake of its end, true (Althusser has argued earlier that the prevalence of the end makes Machiavelli´s theory anything but a form of pragmatism: “only results count, but it is only the end that judges the results that count” [161]), except that the end, politically speaking, is the necessary becoming people of the Prince, which is barred through the essential falsity of the Prince’s political action. When we transpose this situation to the actions of the Party, either before or after it takes power, we can see how unsatisfactory the theory becomes.   Just as unsatisfactory as the history we know.   If, as Althusser puts it, the Prince looks, not for the love, but for the “friendship” of the people (172), even as State individual, then the friendship gained in the political game remains a function not just of consent and coercion, but of duped concern sustained in the violence of the constant ruse (in addition to coercion based on force).   Bad friendship, which may be all hegemony can offer at best. Althusser calls it “ideological politics” (173).

It is clear that Althusser’s text does not manage to resolve the tension between politics as aleatory encounter, as the virtuous ability to seize the unforeseeable conjuncture and to keep itself within the rigor of the unforeseeable, and the hegemonic politics of the day-after, which are no longer aleatory politics, but a politics determined to gain and accumulate at the cost of perfectly foreseeable and presumably systematically organized state duping.   Critics have become accustomed to accepting something like two Althussers that can find no common ground. Beasley-Murray associates posthegemony to the Althusser of the encounter, to the extent that the notion of the aleatory encounter as master trope of political action excludes and must even denounce hegemonic procedures of constitution.

But does infrapolitics figure here?  Clearly, Althusser’s intent, whether it is the first or the other Althusser, is to theorize the political as such.   That it is an insufficient and broken theorization (and I do recommend Francois Matheron’s “’Des problèmes qu’il faudra bien appeler d’un autre nom et peut-ëtre politique’”), that politics ends up offering a disappointing result, may point the way towards the need for infrapolitical reflection.   So far we can only see it in the definition of il volgo as those who do not have the desire to command and opress but would rather be left alone in their everyday life, would rather reject the false friendship of the Prince who prides herself or himself in her or his capability for evil and ruses.

If we may understand infrapolitics as the region of historical facticity, the factical opening of historical space, that is, of spatial temporality for a life, for any life, infrapolitical reflection is first of all a destruction of political inconsistency, which ceaselessly hijacks both time and space (it is not only that, as Marx puts it in the Grundrisse, all economy is an economy of time, but all politics are equally a politics of time). It is as a destroyer of political inconsistency, which may be politics’ only consistency, that Althusser’s essay on Machiavelli may be claimed to be part of the infrapolitical archive.   When it comes to infrapolitics, perhaps the people will decide that they have better things to do than to prepare for politics, than to wait in active waiting for an event of beginning.   Perhaps, after all, thinking under the conjuncture may enable us to dismiss the conjuncture, and to look for something else.

Marginal Note. (Alberto Moreiras)

Infrapolitics is not a spatial metaphor for history any more than posthegemony is a temporal metaphor for political space. I am not sure supplementary conceptuality–something that would perhaps help us understand more and better, but also something that might retrospectively have become premature, in the absence of proper clarification of what is already on the table–is so necessary at this point (although why not?  We’ll take the risk.)   What we really need is a proper and nonreductive understanding of what is at stake through the very word infrapolitics. Over the last two months, in this blog, an attempt at mapping a territory of engagement has taken place that is still ongoing. But doing it in the blog, and in the context of an ongoing seminar that follows a proposed reading list, has very serious limitations. Those very limitations might be backlashing now. They are fostering potential misunderstandings that might derail the conversation (although I understand that there would be no conversation without misunderstandings).  But they could become misunderstandings leading nowhere.  This is presumably nobody’s fault but my own, although I attribute it to the medium.   No doubt a more formal proposal regarding the understanding of infrapolitics that we have been developing is necessary, and no doubt it will come at some point.   For now, we are simply on the way, which is all we can do.  

Althusser’s Machiavelli, 1. (Alberto Moreiras)

The French edition of Machiavelli and Us incorporates an article by Matheron, whose subtitle is “Althusser et l’insituabilité de la politique,” and which I hope I can comment on over the next couple of days, that throws some doubts as to Louis Althusser’s very understanding of politics.   Politics became a curious undecidable for him, particularly in his later years, and against the background of the fetishization of the plenitude of the Party as the subject of history.

It is not therefore surprising that Machiavelli and Us, which is a text Matheron himself dates between 1971-72 and 1986, should incorporate some hesitations on politics as such.

So, on the one hand, it is clear that Althusser thinks political tasks are “assigned by history” (58), and that, to that extent, Machiavelli should have dreamed of the creation of a national State, even if necessarily under a New Prince, since national States under New Princes were already in successful existence in France or Spain; it is also clearly consistent with Althusser’s ostensible goals that the national State would have been imagined by Machiavelli from the perspective of the people, not the Prince; and it is equally consistent that Machiavelli be presented as a thinker of the conjuncture, not the structure, to the point of claiming that all the theoretical work in Machiavelli´s writings is clearly subordinate to the task of thinking the concrete situation, that is, the conjuncture, but not in the form of a thinking of the conjuncture, about the conjuncture, rather in the form of a thinking under the conjuncture, within the conjuncture.

The conjuncture is not invented by men—it is given by history, no matter how aleatorily.   The political task attached to the conjuncture is therefore also given by history, and it sets obligations for everyone defined by everyone’s position in the class struggle.   Althusser seems to move in this first chapter towards stating that it is the instance of political practice within an aleatory conjuncture, nevertheless binding as such, that determines theoretical needs, hence, that prompts thought towards concrete politics, at least for those who are thinkers of or with the people, that is, not litterateurs or ideologists of the ruling class.   Such would have been the case for Machiavelli, who, in Antonio Gramsci’s words, “made himself people” in The Prince.

What I find particularly interesting in this first chapter, however, is the possibility that a certain “thinking under the conjuncture” could move towards infrapolitics as such.     This may seem surprising. Machiavelli, everybody says, wants the emergence of an Italian national state ruled by a New Prince.   Hegel thought so, Gramsci thought so.   What is the point, then, of making sure everybody understands such a New Prince was going to be a despotic scoundrel?   As Althusser puts it, Machiavelli “avows their unavowable procedures and puts their secret practices in the public square” (72).   “La vérité du Prince apparaït alors pour ce qu’elle est: une ruse prodigieuse, celle de la non-ruse, une dissimulation prodigieuse, celle de la non-dissimulation: le grand filet de la ‘verité effective’ tendu en plein ciel où les Princes vont venir se prendre tout seuls” (72).

Rousseau attributed Machiavelli a “secret intention” and Diderot, the likely author of the Encyclopédie article on Machiavelli, thinks Machiavelli actually told his readers: “if you ever accept a master, he will be such as I have painted him, voilá the ferocious beast you will be abandoning yourselves to” (73).

If one accepts the hypothesis of the esoteric Machiavelli, I suppose one has a choice: to think that Machiavelli was a democratic republican whose understanding of history was radically committed to anti-despotic politics, and that he denounced avant la lettre the bad lesson of the national State under an absolute ruler; or, indeed, that he was not only a democratic republican, but was one always already captured by a radical foresight concerning the misfortune of politics as such.   For this latter Machiavelli, there was no anti-despotic politics, only the possibility of “the void of a distance taken” (41), which is what we could call his infrapolitical turn.

It is not my intention to claim that Machiavelli was “the first thinker of infrapolitics” or any such thing. I am interested, rather, in following some of the more hidden nuances in Althusser’s understanding of the political-historical—precisely those that seem to subvert his good-boy stances.  To be continued.

Sitze’s Introduction to Galli’s Janus Gaze on Schmitt. (Alberto Moreiras)

I think Adam Sitze`s introduction, which I post here with his permission (the book will be published by Duke UP, but it will take quite a few months), is a tour de force in terms of accounting for and critiquing sixty or seventy years of reception of Carl Schmitt´s work in Anglophone countries.  In the process, Sitze gives us one of the best rationales I have ever seen as to why it is still necessary to read strong thinkers even if contaminated by their connections to the Nazi regime. What goes for Schmitt could go for Heidegger as well, or for Jünger.

But Sitze also provides a summary introduction to Galli’s position vis-à-vis Schmitt well beyond the book under study.   This is extraordinarily useful for English-language readers and the scholarly community in general, particularly because Galli`s position is strongly revisionist not just in terms of Schmittiana but also regarding the status of political theory today.   One of the things that comes to mind, for instance, reading Sitze reading Galli reading Schmitt, is whether such an influential thinker as Giorgio Agamben, himself strongly influenced by the German theorist, would agree.   My impression is, he would not, which opens the field to a fascinating engagement with the importance of Schmitt’s work for contemporary discussions.

Sitze’s explanations regarding the founding conflict in Schmitt`s work on political modernity rank among the best I have seen, not simply in terms of Schmitt’s exegesis, but also because they enable us to understand what it is that is meant when a number of political philosophers and cultural critics today expound upon the terminal crisis in the architectonics of modern political thought, which is no longer useful except residually.   Sitze retroactively connects such a crisis to the thought of community in the Middle Ages, that is, the Catholic community as manifested in the Corpus Mysticum, and establishes how the break away from Christian complexio opppositorum set modern political thought helplessly on its way to accomplished nihilism.

Carl Schmitt, An Improper Name